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La trombosis asociada a cáncer en el campo de las neoplasias hematológicas tiene relevancia por la alteración en la calidad de vida de los pacientes y el aumento del riesgo de mortalidad. Para los hematólogos suele plantear un compromiso difícil entre la necesidad de prevenir o tratar el proceso trombótico y el peligro de sangrado mayor o de interrupción de la terapéutica instituida para la enfermedad. Este artículo analiza estos aspectos epidemiológicos y factores de riesgo de tromboembolismo venoso en mielomas, linfomas, leucemias y síndromes mieloproliferativos, actualizando, cuando existiera, el aporte de los nuevos anticoagulantes orales y las guías propuestas por las autoridades científicas en este tema.
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